## SLF4J warning or error messages and their meanings

### IllegalStateException: `org.slf4j.LoggerFactory` in failed state. Original exception was thrown EARLIER.

This `IllegalStateException` is thrown post-initialization and informs the user that initialization of `LoggerFactory` has failed.

Note It is important to realize that the exception causing the failure was thrown at an earlier stage. This earlier exception should provide more valuable information about the root cause of the problem.

### The method `o.a.commons.logging.impl.SLF4FLogFactory#release` was invoked.

Given the structure of the commons-logging API, in particular as implemented by SLF4J, the `o.a.commons.logging.impl.SLF4FLogFactory#release()` method should never be called. However, depending on the deployment of commons-logging.jar files in your servlet container, `release()` method may be unexpectedly invoked by a copy of `org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory` class shipping with commons-logging.jar.

This is a relatively common occurrence with recent versions of Tomcat, especially if you place jcl-over-slf4j.jar in WEB-INF/lib directory of your web-application instead of $TOMCAT_HOME/common/lib, where $TOMCAT_HOME stands for the directory where Tomcat is installed. In order to fully benefit from the stability offered by jcl-over-slf4j.jar, we recommend that you place jcl-over-slf4j.jar in $TOMCAT_HOME/common/lib without placing a copy in your web-applications.

Please also see bug #22.

### Operation [suchAndSuch] is not supported in jcl-over-slf4j.

An `UnsupportedOperationException` is thrown whenever one of the protected methods introduced in JCL 1.1 are invoked. These methods are invoked by `LogFactory` implementations shipping with commons-logging.jar. However, the `LogFactory` implemented by jcl-over-slf4j.jar, namely SLF4FLogFactory, does not call any of these methods.

If you observe this problem, then it is highly probable that you have a copy of commons-logging.jar in your class path overriding the classes shipping with jcl-over-slf4j.jar. Note that this issue is very similar in nature to the warning issued when the "o.a.commons.logging.impl.SLF4FLogFactory.release()" method is invoked, discussed in the previous item.

### Detected logger name mismatch

Logger name mismatch warnings are printed only if the `slf4j.detectLoggerNameMismatch` system property is set to true. By default, this property is not set and no warnings will be printed even in case of a logger name mismatch.

since 1.7.9 The warning will be printed in case the name of the logger specified via a class passed as an argument to the `LoggerFactory.getLogger(Class)` method differs from the name of the caller as computed internally by SLF4J.

For example, the following code snippet

    package com.acme;
    import com.foo.Kangaroo;

    class Fruit {
      Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Kangaroo.class);
    }

will result in the warning

    SLF4J: Detected logger name mismatch. Given name: "com.foo.Kangaroo"; computed name: "com.acme.Fruit".

but only if `slf4j.detectLoggerNameMismatch` system property is set to true.

No warning will be issued for the special case where the class in which the logger is defined is a super-type of the class parameter passed as argument. For example,

    class A {
        Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());
    }
    class B extends A {
        // no mismatch warning will be issued when B is instantiated
        // given that class A is a super-type of class B
    }

If you come across a mismatch warning which cannot be explained, then you might have spotted a white elephant, that is a very rare occurrence where SLF4J cannot correctly compute the name of the class where a logger is defined. We are very interested to learn about such cases. If and when you spot an inexplicable mismatch, please do file a bug report with us.

### Failed to load class `org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder`

This warning message is reported when the `org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder` class could not be loaded into memory. This happens when no appropriate SLF4J binding could be found on the class path. Placing one (and only one) of slf4j-nop.jar slf4j-simple.jar, slf4j-log4j12.jar, slf4j-jdk14.jar or logback-classic.jar on the class path should solve the problem.

since 1.6.0 As of SLF4J version 1.6, in the absence of a binding, SLF4J will default to a no-operation (NOP) logger implementation.

If you are responsible for packaging an application and do not care about logging, then placing slf4j-nop.jar on the class path of your application will get rid of this warning message. Note that embedded components such as libraries or frameworks should not declare a dependency on any SLF4J binding but only depend on slf4j-api. When a library declares a compile-time dependency on a SLF4J binding, it imposes that binding on the end-user, thus negating SLF4J's purpose.

### Multiple bindings were found on the class path

SLF4J API is designed to bind with one and only one underlying logging framework at a time. If more than one binding is present on the class path, SLF4J will emit a warning, listing the location of those bindings.

When multiple bindings are available on the class path, select one and only one binding you wish to use, and remove the other bindings. For example, if you have both slf4j-simple-${version}.jar and slf4j-nop-${version}.jar on the class path and you wish to use the nop (no-operation) binding, then remove slf4j-simple-${version}.jar from the class path.

The list of locations that SLF4J provides in this warning usually provides sufficient information to identify the dependency transitively pulling in an unwanted SLF4J binding into your project. In your project's pom.xml file, exclude this SLF4J binding when declaring the unscrupulous dependency. For example, cassandra-all version 0.8.1 declares both log4j and slf4j-log4j12 as compile-time dependencies. Thus, when you include cassandra-all as a dependency in your project, the cassandra-all declaration will cause both slf4j-log4j12.jar and log4j.jar to be pulled in as dependencies. In case you do not wish to use log4j as the the SLF4J backend, you can instruct Maven to exclude these two artifacts as shown next:

    <dependencies>
      <dependency>
        <groupId> org.apache.cassandra</groupId>
        <artifactId>cassandra-all</artifactId>
        <version>0.8.1</version>

        <exclusions>
          <exclusion>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
          </exclusion>
          <exclusion>
            <groupId>log4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
          </exclusion>
        </exclusions>

      </dependency>
    </dependencies>

Note The warning emitted by SLF4J is just that, a warning. Even when multiple bindings are present, SLF4J will pick one logging framework/implementation and bind with it. The way SLF4J picks a binding is determined by the JVM and for all practical purposes should be considered random. As of version 1.6.6, SLF4J will name the framework/implementation class it is actually bound to.

Embedded components such as libraries or frameworks should not declare a dependency on any SLF4J binding but only depend on slf4j-api. When a library declares a compile-time dependency on a SLF4J binding, it imposes that binding on the end-user, thus negating SLF4J's purpose. When you come across an embedded component declaring a compile-time dependency on any SLF4J binding, please take the time to contact the authors of said component/library and kindly ask them to mend their ways.

### slf4j-api version does not match that of the binding

An SLF4J binding designates an artifact such as slf4j-jdk14.jar or slf4j-log4j12.jar used to bind slf4j to an underlying logging framework, say, java.util.logging and respectively log4j.

Mixing mixing different versions of slf4j-api.jar and SLF4J binding can cause problems. For example, if you are using slf4j-api-${project.version}.jar, then you should also use slf4j-simple-${project.version}.jar, using slf4j-simple-1.5.5.jar will not work.

Note From the client's perspective all versions of slf4j-api are compatible. Client code compiled with slf4j-api-N.jar will run perfectly fine with slf4j-api-M.jar for any N and M. You only need to ensure that the version of your binding matches that of the slf4j-api.jar. You do not have to worry about the version of slf4j-api.jar used by a given dependency in your project. You can always use any version of slf4j-api.jar, and as long as the version of slf4j-api.jar and its binding match, you should be fine.

At initialization time, if SLF4J suspects that there may be a api vs. binding version mismatch problem, it will emit a warning about the suspected mismatch.

### Logging factory implementation cannot be null

This error is reported when the `LoggerFactory` class could not find an appropriate binding. Placing one (and only one) of slf4j-nop.jar, slf4j-simple.jar, slf4j-log4j12.jar, slf4j-jdk14.jar or logback-classic.jar on the class path should prove to be an effective remedy.

### Detected both log4j-over-slf4j.jar AND slf4j-log4j12.jar on the class path, preempting `StackOverflowError`.

The purpose of slf4j-log4j12 module is to delegate or redirect calls made to an SLF4J logger to log4j. The purpose of the log4j-over-slf4j module is to redirect calls made to a log4j logger to SLF4J. If SLF4J is bound withslf4j-log4j12.jar and log4j-over-slf4j.jar is also present on the class path, a `StackOverflowError` will inevitably occur immediately after the first invocation of an SLF4J or a log4j logger.

Here is how the exception might look like:

    Exception in thread "main" java.lang.StackOverflowError
      at java.util.Hashtable.containsKey(Hashtable.java:306)
      at org.apache.log4j.Log4jLoggerFactory.getLogger(Log4jLoggerFactory.java:36)
      at org.apache.log4j.LogManager.getLogger(LogManager.java:39)
      at org.slf4j.impl.Log4jLoggerFactory.getLogger(Log4jLoggerFactory.java:73)
      at org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerFactory.java:249)
      at org.apache.log4j.Category.<init>(Category.java:53)
      at org.apache.log4j.Logger..<init>(Logger.java:35)
      at org.apache.log4j.Log4jLoggerFactory.getLogger(Log4jLoggerFactory.java:39)
      at org.apache.log4j.LogManager.getLogger(LogManager.java:39)
      at org.slf4j.impl.Log4jLoggerFactory.getLogger(Log4jLoggerFactory.java:73)
      at org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerFactory.java:249)
      at org.apache.log4j.Category..<init>(Category.java:53)
      at org.apache.log4j.Logger..<init>(Logger.java:35)
      at org.apache.log4j.Log4jLoggerFactory.getLogger(Log4jLoggerFactory.java:39)
      at org.apache.log4j.LogManager.getLogger(LogManager.java:39)
      subsequent lines omitted...

Since 1.5.11 SLF4J software preempts the inevitable stack overflow error by throwing an exception with details about the actual cause of the problem. This is deemed to be better than leaving the user wondering about the reasons of the `StackOverflowError`.

For more background on this topic see Bridging legacy APIs.

### Detected both jcl-over-slf4j.jar AND slf4j-jcl.jar on the class path, preempting `StackOverflowError`.

The purpose of slf4j-jcl module is to delegate or redirect calls made to an SLF4J logger to jakarta commons logging (JCL). The purpose of the jcl-over-slf4j module is to redirect calls made to a JCL logger to SLF4J. If SLF4J is bound with slf4j-jcl.jar and jcl-over-slf4j.jar is also present on the class path, then a `StackOverflowError` will inevitably occur immediately after the first invocation of an SLF4J or a JCL logger.

Here is how the exception might look like:

    Exception in thread "main" java.lang.StackOverflowError
      at java.lang.String.hashCode(String.java:1482)
      at java.util.HashMap.get(HashMap.java:300)
      at org.slf4j.impl.JCLLoggerFactory.getLogger(JCLLoggerFactory.java:67)
      at org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerFactory.java:249)
      at org.apache.commons.logging.impl.SLF4JLogFactory.getInstance(SLF4JLogFactory.java:155)
      at org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory.getLog(LogFactory.java:289)
      at org.slf4j.impl.JCLLoggerFactory.getLogger(JCLLoggerFactory.java:69)
      at org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerFactory.java:249)
      at org.apache.commons.logging.impl.SLF4JLogFactory.getInstance(SLF4JLogFactory.java:155)
      subsequent lines omitted...

Since 1.5.11 SLF4J software preempts the inevitable stack overflow error by throwing an exception with details about the actual cause of the problem. This is deemed to be better than leaving the user wondering about the reasons of the `StackOverflowError`.

For more background on this topic see Bridging legacy APIs.

### Failed to load class "org.slf4j.impl.StaticMDCBinder"

This error indicates that appropriate SLF4J binding could not be found on the class path. Placing one (and only one) of slf4j-nop.jar, slf4j-simple.jar, slf4j-log4j12.jar, slf4j-jdk14.jar or logback-classic.jar on the class path should solve the problem.

### MDCAdapter cannot be null

This error is reported when `org.slf4j.MDC` class has not been initialized correctly. Same cause and remedy as the previously listed item.

### A number (N) of logging calls during the initialization phase have been intercepted and are now being replayed. These are suject to the filtering rules of the underlying logging system.

since 1.7.15 Logging calls made during the initilization phase are recorded and replayed post-inititilization. Note that the replayed logging calls are subject to filtering by the underlying logging system.

In principle, replaying only occurs for apllications which are already multi-threaded at the time the first logging call occurs.

See also substitute loggers.

### Substitute loggers were created during the default configuration phase of the underlying logging system

Highly configurable logging systems such as logback and log4j may create components which invoke loggers during their own initialization. See issue LOGBACK-127 for a typical occurrence. However, since the binding process with SLF4J has not yet completed (because the underlying logging system was not yet completely loaded into memory), it is not possible to honor such logger creation requests.

To avoid this chicken-and-egg problem, SLF4J creates substitute loggers during this phase (initialization). Calls made to the substitute loggers during this phase are simply dropped. After the initialization completes, the substitute logger will delegate logging calls to the appropriate logger implementation and otherwise will function as any other logger returned by `LoggerFactory`.

If any substitute logger had to be created, SLF4J will emit a a listing of such loggers. This list is intended to let you know that any logging calls made to these loggers during initialization have been dropped.

See also intercepted and replayed logging calls.

### SLF4J versions 1.4.0 and later requires log4j 1.2.12 or later

The trace level was added to log4j in version 1.2.12 released on August 29, 2005. The trace level was added to the SLF4J API in version 1.4.0 on May 16th, 2007. Thus, starting with SLF4J 1.4.0, the log4j binding for SLF4J requires log4j version 1.2.12 or above.

However, as reported in issue 59, in some environments it may be difficult to upgrade the log4j version. To accommodate such circumstances, SLF4J's `Log4jLoggerAdapter` will map the TRACE level as DEBUG.

### java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/slf4j/event/LoggingEvent

Logback-classic version 1.1.4 and later require slf4j-api version 1.7.15 or later.

With an earlier slf4j-api.jar in the classpath, attempting introspection of a Logger instance returned by logback version 1.1.4 or later will result in a `NoClassDefFoundError` similar to that shown below.

    Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/slf4j/event/LoggingEvent
            at java.lang.Class.getDeclaredMethods0(Native Method)
            at java.lang.Class.privateGetDeclaredMethods(Class.java:2451)
            at java.lang.Class.privateGetPublicMethods(Class.java:2571)
            at java.lang.Class.getMethods(Class.java:1429)
            at java.beans.Introspector.getPublicDeclaredMethods(Introspector.java:1261)
            at java.beans.Introspector.getTargetMethodInfo(Introspector.java:1122)
            at java.beans.Introspector.getBeanInfo(Introspector.java:414)
            at java.beans.Introspector.getBeanInfo(Introspector.java:161)

Placing slf4j-api.jar version 1.7.15 or later in the classpath should solve the issue.

Note that this problem only occurs with logback version 1.1.4 and later, other bindings such as slf4j-log4j, slf4j-jdk14 and slf4j-simple are unaffected.