Release: 1.3.2 | Release Date: April 2, 2019

# SQLAlchemy 1.3 Documentation

# Relationship Loading Techniques

A big part of SQLAlchemy is providing a wide range of control over how related objects get loaded when querying. By “related objects” we refer to collections or scalar associations configured on a mapper using `relationship()`. This behavior can be configured at mapper construction time using the `relationship.lazy` parameter to the `relationship()` function, as well as by using options with the `Query` object.

The loading of relationships falls into three categories; lazy loading, eager loading, and no loading. Lazy loading refers to objects are returned from a query without the related objects loaded at first. When the given collection or reference is first accessed on a particular object, an additional SELECT statement is emitted such that the requested collection is loaded.

Eager loading refers to objects returned from a query with the related collection or scalar reference already loaded up front. The `Query` achieves this either by augmenting the SELECT statement it would normally emit with a JOIN to load in related rows simultaneously, or by emitting additional SELECT statements after the primary one to load collections or scalar references at once.

“No” loading refers to the disabling of loading on a given relationship, either that the attribute is empty and is just never loaded, or that it raises an error when it is accessed, in order to guard against unwanted lazy loads.

The primary forms of relationship loading are:

- lazy loading - available via `lazy='select'` or the `lazyload()` option, this is the form of loading that emits a SELECT statement at attribute access time to lazily load a related reference on a single object at a time. Lazy loading is detailed at Lazy Loading.

- joined loading - available via `lazy='joined'` or the `joinedload()` option, this form of loading applies a JOIN to the given SELECT statement so that related rows are loaded in the same result set. Joined eager loading is detailed at Joined Eager Loading.

- subquery loading - available via `lazy='subquery'` or the `subqueryload()` option, this form of loading emits a second SELECT statement which re-states the original query embedded inside of a subquery, then JOINs that subquery to the related table to be loaded to load all members of related collections / scalar references at once. Subquery eager loading is detailed at Subquery Eager Loading.

- select IN loading - available via `lazy='selectin'` or the `selectinload()` option, this form of loading emits a second (or more) SELECT statement which assembles the primary key identifiers of the parent objects into an IN clause, so that all members of related collections / scalar references are loaded at once by primary key. Select IN loading is detailed at Select IN loading.

- raise loading - available via `lazy='raise'`, `lazy='raise_on_sql'`, or the `raiseload()` option, this form of loading is triggered at the same time a lazy load would normally occur, except it raises an ORM exception in order to guard against the application making unwanted lazy loads. An introduction to raise loading is at Preventing unwanted lazy loads using raiseload.

- no loading - available via `lazy='noload'`, or the `noload()` option; this loading style turns the attribute into an empty attribute that will never load or have any loading effect. “noload” is a fairly uncommon loader option.

## Configuring Loader Strategies at Mapping Time

The loader strategy for a particular relationship can be configured at mapping time to take place in all cases where an object of the mapped type is loaded, in the absense of any query-level options that modify it. This is configured using the `relationship.lazy` parameter to `relationship()`; common values for this parameter include `select`, `joined`, `subquery` and `selectin`.

For example, to configure a relationship to use joined eager loading when the parent object is queried:

    class Parent(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'parent'

        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        children = relationship("Child", lazy='joined')

Above, whenever a collection of `Parent` objects are loaded, each `Parent` will also have its `children` collection populated, using rows fetched by adding a JOIN to the query for `Parent` objects. See Joined Eager Loading for background on this style of loading.

The default value of the `relationship.lazy` argument is `"select"`, which indicates lazy loading. See Lazy Loading for further background.

## Controlling Loading via Options

The other, and possibly more common way to configure loading strategies is to set them up on a per-query basis against specific attributes. Very detailed control over relationship loading is available using loader options; the most common are `joinedload()`, `subqueryload()`, `selectinload()` and `lazyload()`. The option accepts either the string name of an attribute against a parent, or for greater specificity can accommodate a class-bound attribute directly:

    # set children to load lazily
    session.query(Parent).options(lazyload('children')).all()

    # same, using class-bound attribute
    session.query(Parent).options(lazyload(Parent.children)).all()

    # set children to load eagerly with a join
    session.query(Parent).options(joinedload('children')).all()

The loader options can also be “chained” using method chaining to specify how loading should occur further levels deep:

    session.query(Parent).options(
        joinedload(Parent.children).
        subqueryload(Child.subelements)).all()

Chained loader options can be applied against a “lazy” loaded collection. This means that when a collection or association is lazily loaded upon access, the specified option will then take effect:

    session.query(Parent).options(
        lazyload(Parent.children).
        subqueryload(Child.subelements)).all()

Above, the query will return `Parent` objects without the `children` collections loaded. When the `children` collection on a particular `Parent` object is first accessed, it will lazy load the related objects, but additionally apply eager loading to the `subelements` collection on each member of `children`.

Using method chaining, the loader style of each link in the path is explicitly stated. To navigate along a path without changing the existing loader style of a particular attribute, the `defaultload()` method/function may be used:

    session.query(A).options(
        defaultload("atob").
        joinedload("btoc")).all()

Note

The loader options applied to an object’s lazy-loaded collections are “sticky” to specific object instances, meaning they will persist upon collections loaded by that specific object for as long as it exists in memory. For example, given the previous example:

    session.query(Parent).options(
        lazyload(Parent.children).
        subqueryload(Child.subelements)).all()

if the `children` collection on a particular `Parent` object loaded by the above query is expired (such as when a `Session` object’s transaction is committed or rolled back, or `Session.expire_all()` is used), when the `Parent.children` collection is next accessed in order to re-load it, the `Child.subelements` collection will again be loaded using subquery eager loading.This stays the case even if the above `Parent` object is accessed from a subsequent query that specifies a different set of options.To change the options on an existing object without expunging it and re-loading, they must be set explicitly in conjunction with the `Query.populate_existing()` method:

    # change the options on Parent objects that were already loaded
    session.query(Parent).populate_existing().options(
        lazyload(Parent.children).
        lazyload(Child.subelements)).all()

If the objects loaded above are fully cleared from the `Session`, such as due to garbage collection or that `Session.expunge_all()` were used, the “sticky” options will also be gone and the newly created objects will make use of new options if loaded again.

A future SQLAlchemy release may add more alternatives to manipulating the loader options on already-loaded objects.

## Lazy Loading

By default, all inter-object relationships are lazy loading. The scalar or collection attribute associated with a `relationship()` contains a trigger which fires the first time the attribute is accessed. This trigger typically issues a SQL call at the point of access in order to load the related object or objects:

    >>> jack.addresses
    SELECT
        addresses.id AS addresses_id,
        addresses.email_address AS addresses_email_address,
        addresses.user_id AS addresses_user_id
    FROM addresses
    WHERE ? = addresses.user_id
    [5]
    [<Address(u'jack@google.com')>, <Address(u'j25@yahoo.com')>]

The one case where SQL is not emitted is for a simple many-to-one relationship, when the related object can be identified by its primary key alone and that object is already present in the current `Session`. For this reason, while lazy loading can be expensive for related collections, in the case that one is loading lots of objects with simple many-to-ones against a relatively small set of possible target objects, lazy loading may be able to refer to these objects locally without emitting as many SELECT statements as there are parent objects.

This default behavior of “load upon attribute access” is known as “lazy” or “select” loading - the name “select” because a “SELECT” statement is typically emitted when the attribute is first accessed.

Lazy loading can be enabled for a given attribute that is normally configured in some other way using the `lazyload()` loader option:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import lazyload

    # force lazy loading for an attribute that is set to
    # load some other way normally
    session.query(User).options(lazyload(User.addresses))

### Preventing unwanted lazy loads using raiseload

The `lazyload()` strategy produces an effect that is one of the most common issues referred to in object relational mapping; the N plus one problem, which states that for any N objects loaded, accessing their lazy-loaded attributes means there will be N+1 SELECT statements emitted. In SQLAlchemy, the usual mitigation for the N+1 problem is to make use of its very capable eager load system. However, eager loading requires that the attributes which are to be loaded be specified with the `Query` up front. The problem of code that may access other attributes that were not eagerly loaded, where lazy loading is not desired, may be addressed using the `raiseload()` strategy; this loader strategy replaces the behavior of lazy loading with an informative error being raised:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import raiseload
    session.query(User).options(raiseload(User.addresses))

Above, a `User` object loaded from the above query will not have the `.addresses` collection loaded; if some code later on attempts to access this attribute, an ORM exception is raised.

`raiseload()` may be used with a so-called “wildcard” specifier to indicate that all relationships should use this strategy. For example, to set up only one attribute as eager loading, and all the rest as raise:

    session.query(Order).options(
        joinedload(Order.items), raiseload('*'))

The above wildcard will apply to all relationships not just on `Order` besides `items`, but all those on the `Item` objects as well. To set up `raiseload()` for only the `Order` objects, specify a full path with `orm.Load`:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import Load

    session.query(Order).options(
        joinedload(Order.items), Load(Order).raiseload('*'))

Conversely, to set up the raise for just the `Item` objects:

    session.query(Order).options(
        joinedload(Order.items).raiseload('*'))

See also

Wildcard Loading Strategies

## Joined Eager Loading

Joined eager loading is the most fundamental style of eager loading in the ORM. It works by connecting a JOIN (by default a LEFT OUTER join) to the SELECT statement emitted by a `Query` and populates the target scalar/collection from the same result set as that of the parent.

At the mapping level, this looks like:

    class Address(Base):
        # ...

        user = relationship(User, lazy="joined")

Joined eager loading is usually applied as an option to a query, rather than as a default loading option on the mapping, in particular when used for collections rather than many-to-one-references. This is achieved using the `joinedload()` loader option:

    >>> jack = session.query(User).\
    ... options(joinedload(User.addresses)).\
    ... filter_by(name='jack').all()
    SELECT
        addresses_1.id AS addresses_1_id,
        addresses_1.email_address AS addresses_1_email_address,
        addresses_1.user_id AS addresses_1_user_id,
        users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name,
        users.fullname AS users_fullname,
        users.nickname AS users_nickname
    FROM users
    LEFT OUTER JOIN addresses AS addresses_1
        ON users.id = addresses_1.user_id
    WHERE users.name = ?
    ['jack']

The JOIN emitted by default is a LEFT OUTER JOIN, to allow for a lead object that does not refer to a related row. For an attribute that is guaranteed to have an element, such as a many-to-one reference to a related object where the referencing foreign key is NOT NULL, the query can be made more efficient by using an inner join; this is available at the mapping level via the `relationship.innerjoin` flag:

    class Address(Base):
        # ...

        user_id = Column(ForeignKey('users.id'), nullable=False)
        user = relationship(User, lazy="joined", innerjoin=True)

At the query option level, via the `joinedload.innerjoin` flag:

    session.query(Address).options(
        joinedload(Address.user, innerjoin=True))

The JOIN will right-nest itself when applied in a chain that includes an OUTER JOIN:

    >>> session.query(User).options(
    ...     joinedload(User.addresses).
    ...     joinedload(Address.widgets, innerjoin=True)).all()
    SELECT
        widgets_1.id AS widgets_1_id,
        widgets_1.name AS widgets_1_name,
        addresses_1.id AS addresses_1_id,
        addresses_1.email_address AS addresses_1_email_address,
        addresses_1.user_id AS addresses_1_user_id,
        users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name,
        users.fullname AS users_fullname,
        users.nickname AS users_nickname
    FROM users
    LEFT OUTER JOIN (
        addresses AS addresses_1 JOIN widgets AS widgets_1 ON
        addresses_1.widget_id = widgets_1.id
    ) ON users.id = addresses_1.user_id

On older versions of SQLite, the above nested right JOIN may be re-rendered as a nested subquery. Older versions of SQLAlchemy would convert right-nested joins into subqueries in all cases.

### Joined eager loading and result set batching

A central concept of joined eager loading when applied to collections is that the `Query` object must de-duplicate rows against the leading entity being queried. Such as above, if the `User` object we loaded referred to three `Address` objects, the result of the SQL statement would have had three rows; yet the `Query` returns only one `User` object. As additional rows are received for a `User` object just loaded in a previous row, the additional columns that refer to new `Address` objects are directed into additional results within the `User.addresses` collection of that particular object.

This process is very transparent, however does imply that joined eager loading is incompatible with “batched” query results, provided by the `Query.yield_per()` method, when used for collection loading. Joined eager loading used for scalar references is however compatible with `Query.yield_per()`. The `Query.yield_per()` method will result in an exception thrown if a collection based joined eager loader is in play.

To “batch” queries with arbitrarily large sets of result data while maintaining compatibility with collection-based joined eager loading, emit multiple SELECT statements, each referring to a subset of rows using the WHERE clause, e.g. windowing. Alternatively, consider using “select IN” eager loading which is potentially compatible with `Query.yield_per()`, provided that the database driver in use supports multiple, simultaneous cursors (SQLite, PostgreSQL drivers, not MySQL drivers or SQL Server ODBC drivers).

### The Zen of Joined Eager Loading

Since joined eager loading seems to have many resemblances to the use of `Query.join()`, it often produces confusion as to when and how it should be used. It is critical to understand the distinction that while `Query.join()` is used to alter the results of a query, `joinedload()` goes through great lengths to not alter the results of the query, and instead hide the effects of the rendered join to only allow for related objects to be present.

The philosophy behind loader strategies is that any set of loading schemes can be applied to a particular query, and the results don’t change - only the number of SQL statements required to fully load related objects and collections changes. A particular query might start out using all lazy loads. After using it in context, it might be revealed that particular attributes or collections are always accessed, and that it would be more efficient to change the loader strategy for these. The strategy can be changed with no other modifications to the query, the results will remain identical, but fewer SQL statements would be emitted. In theory (and pretty much in practice), nothing you can do to the `Query` would make it load a different set of primary or related objects based on a change in loader strategy.

How `joinedload()` in particular achieves this result of not impacting entity rows returned in any way is that it creates an anonymous alias of the joins it adds to your query, so that they can’t be referenced by other parts of the query. For example, the query below uses `joinedload()` to create a LEFT OUTER JOIN from `users` to `addresses`, however the `ORDER BY` added against `Address.email_address` is not valid - the `Address` entity is not named in the query:

    >>> jack = session.query(User).\
    ... options(joinedload(User.addresses)).\
    ... filter(User.name=='jack').\
    ... order_by(Address.email_address).all()
    SELECT
        addresses_1.id AS addresses_1_id,
        addresses_1.email_address AS addresses_1_email_address,
        addresses_1.user_id AS addresses_1_user_id,
        users.id AS users_id,
        users.name AS users_name,
        users.fullname AS users_fullname,
        users.nickname AS users_nickname
    FROM users
    LEFT OUTER JOIN addresses AS addresses_1
        ON users.id = addresses_1.user_id
    WHERE users.name = ?
    ORDER BY addresses.email_address   <-- this part is wrong !
    ['jack']

Above, `ORDER BY addresses.email_address` is not valid since `addresses` is not in the FROM list. The correct way to load the `User` records and order by email address is to use `Query.join()`:

    >>> jack = session.query(User).\
    ... join(User.addresses).\
    ... filter(User.name=='jack').\
    ... order_by(Address.email_address).all()

    SELECT
        users.id AS users_id,
        users.name AS users_name,
        users.fullname AS users_fullname,
        users.nickname AS users_nickname
    FROM users
    JOIN addresses ON users.id = addresses.user_id
    WHERE users.name = ?
    ORDER BY addresses.email_address
    ['jack']

The statement above is of course not the same as the previous one, in that the columns from `addresses` are not included in the result at all. We can add `joinedload()` back in, so that there are two joins - one is that which we are ordering on, the other is used anonymously to load the contents of the `User.addresses` collection:

    >>> jack = session.query(User).\
    ... join(User.addresses).\
    ... options(joinedload(User.addresses)).\
    ... filter(User.name=='jack').\
    ... order_by(Address.email_address).all()
    SELECT
        addresses_1.id AS addresses_1_id,
        addresses_1.email_address AS addresses_1_email_address,
        addresses_1.user_id AS addresses_1_user_id,
        users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name,
        users.fullname AS users_fullname,
        users.nickname AS users_nickname
    FROM users JOIN addresses
        ON users.id = addresses.user_id
    LEFT OUTER JOIN addresses AS addresses_1
        ON users.id = addresses_1.user_id
    WHERE users.name = ?
    ORDER BY addresses.email_address
    ['jack']

What we see above is that our usage of `Query.join()` is to supply JOIN clauses we’d like to use in subsequent query criterion, whereas our usage of `joinedload()` only concerns itself with the loading of the `User.addresses` collection, for each `User` in the result. In this case, the two joins most probably appear redundant - which they are. If we wanted to use just one JOIN for collection loading as well as ordering, we use the `contains_eager()` option, described in Routing Explicit Joins/Statements into Eagerly Loaded Collections below. But to see why `joinedload()` does what it does, consider if we were filtering on a particular `Address`:

    >>> jack = session.query(User).\
    ... join(User.addresses).\
    ... options(joinedload(User.addresses)).\
    ... filter(User.name=='jack').\
    ... filter(Address.email_address=='someaddress@foo.com').\
    ... all()
    SELECT
        addresses_1.id AS addresses_1_id,
        addresses_1.email_address AS addresses_1_email_address,
        addresses_1.user_id AS addresses_1_user_id,
        users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name,
        users.fullname AS users_fullname,
        users.nickname AS users_nickname
    FROM users JOIN addresses
        ON users.id = addresses.user_id
    LEFT OUTER JOIN addresses AS addresses_1
        ON users.id = addresses_1.user_id
    WHERE users.name = ? AND addresses.email_address = ?
    ['jack', 'someaddress@foo.com']

Above, we can see that the two JOINs have very different roles. One will match exactly one row, that of the join of `User` and `Address` where `Address.email_address=='someaddress@foo.com'`. The other LEFT OUTER JOIN will match all `Address` rows related to `User`, and is only used to populate the `User.addresses` collection, for those `User` objects that are returned.

By changing the usage of `joinedload()` to another style of loading, we can change how the collection is loaded completely independently of SQL used to retrieve the actual `User` rows we want. Below we change `joinedload()` into `subqueryload()`:

    >>> jack = session.query(User).\
    ... join(User.addresses).\
    ... options(subqueryload(User.addresses)).\
    ... filter(User.name=='jack').\
    ... filter(Address.email_address=='someaddress@foo.com').\
    ... all()
    SELECT
        users.id AS users_id,
        users.name AS users_name,
        users.fullname AS users_fullname,
        users.nickname AS users_nickname
    FROM users
    JOIN addresses ON users.id = addresses.user_id
    WHERE
        users.name = ?
        AND addresses.email_address = ?
    ['jack', 'someaddress@foo.com']

    # ... subqueryload() emits a SELECT in order
    # to load all address records ...

When using joined eager loading, if the query contains a modifier that impacts the rows returned externally to the joins, such as when using DISTINCT, LIMIT, OFFSET or equivalent, the completed statement is first wrapped inside a subquery, and the joins used specifically for joined eager loading are applied to the subquery. SQLAlchemy’s joined eager loading goes the extra mile, and then ten miles further, to absolutely ensure that it does not affect the end result of the query, only the way collections and related objects are loaded, no matter what the format of the query is.

See also

Routing Explicit Joins/Statements into Eagerly Loaded Collections - using `contains_eager()`

## Subquery Eager Loading

Subqueryload eager loading is configured in the same manner as that of joined eager loading; for the `relationship.lazy` parameter, we would specify `"subquery"` rather than `"joined"`, and for the option we use the `subqueryload()` option rather than the `joinedload()` option.

The operation of subquery eager loading is to emit a second SELECT statement for each relationship to be loaded, across all result objects at once. This SELECT statement refers to the original SELECT statement, wrapped inside of a subquery, so that we retrieve the same list of primary keys for the primary object being returned, then link that to the sum of all the collection members to load them at once:

    >>> jack = session.query(User).\
    ... options(subqueryload(User.addresses)).\
    ... filter_by(name='jack').all()
    SELECT
        users.id AS users_id,
        users.name AS users_name,
        users.fullname AS users_fullname,
        users.nickname AS users_nickname
    FROM users
    WHERE users.name = ?
    ('jack',)
    SELECT
        addresses.id AS addresses_id,
        addresses.email_address AS addresses_email_address,
        addresses.user_id AS addresses_user_id,
        anon_1.users_id AS anon_1_users_id
    FROM (
        SELECT users.id AS users_id
        FROM users
        WHERE users.name = ?) AS anon_1
    JOIN addresses ON anon_1.users_id = addresses.user_id
    ORDER BY anon_1.users_id, addresses.id
    ('jack',)

The subqueryload strategy has many advantages over joined eager loading in the area of loading collections. First, it allows the original query to proceed without changing it at all, not introducing in particular a LEFT OUTER JOIN that may make it less efficient. Secondly, it allows for many collections to be eagerly loaded without producing a single query that has many JOINs in it, which can be even less efficient; each relationship is loaded in a fully separate query. Finally, because the additional query only needs to load the collection items and not the lead object, it can use an inner JOIN in all cases for greater query efficiency.

Disadvantages of subqueryload include that the complexity of the original query is transferred to the relationship queries, which when combined with the use of a subquery, can on some backends in some cases (notably MySQL) produce significantly slow queries. Additionally, the subqueryload strategy can only load the full contents of all collections at once, is therefore incompatible with “batched” loading supplied by `Query.yield_per()`, both for collection and scalar relationships.

The newer style of loading provided by `selectinload()` solves these limitations of `subqueryload()`.

See also

Select IN loading

### The Importance of Ordering

A query which makes use of `subqueryload()` in conjunction with a limiting modifier such as `Query.first()`, `Query.limit()`, or `Query.offset()` should always include `Query.order_by()` against unique column(s) such as the primary key, so that the additional queries emitted by `subqueryload()` include the same ordering as used by the parent query. Without it, there is a chance that the inner query could return the wrong rows:

    # incorrect, no ORDER BY
    session.query(User).options(
        subqueryload(User.addresses)).first()

    # incorrect if User.name is not unique
    session.query(User).options(
        subqueryload(User.addresses)
    ).order_by(User.name).first()

    # correct
    session.query(User).options(
        subqueryload(User.addresses)
    ).order_by(User.name, User.id).first()

See also

Why is ORDER BY required with LIMIT (especially with subqueryload())? - detailed example

## Select IN loading

Select IN loading is similar in operation to subquery eager loading, however the SELECT statement which is emitted has a much simpler structure than that of subquery eager loading. Additionally, select IN loading applies itself to subsets of the load result at a time, so unlike joined and subquery eager loading, is compatible with batching of results using `Query.yield_per()`, provided the database driver supports simultaneous cursors.

Overall, especially as of the 1.3 series of SQLAlchemy, selectin loading is the most simple and efficient way to eagerly load collections of objects in most cases. The only scenario in which selectin eager loading is not feasible is when the model is using composite primary keys, and the backend database does not support tuples with IN, which includes SQLite, Oracle and SQL Server.

New in version 1.2.

“Select IN” eager loading is provided using the `"selectin"` argument to `relationship.lazy` or by using the `selectinload()` loader option. This style of loading emits a SELECT that refers to the primary key values of the parent object inside of an IN clause, in order to load related associations:

    >>> jack = session.query(User).\
    ... options(selectinload('addresses')).\
    ... filter(or_(User.name == 'jack', User.name == 'ed')).all()
    SELECT
        users.id AS users_id,
        users.name AS users_name,
        users.fullname AS users_fullname,
        users.nickname AS users_nickname
    FROM users
    WHERE users.name = ? OR users.name = ?
    ('jack', 'ed')
    SELECT
        addresses.id AS addresses_id,
        addresses.email_address AS addresses_email_address,
        addresses.user_id AS addresses_user_id
    FROM addresses
    WHERE addresses.user_id IN (?, ?)
    ORDER BY addresses.user_id, addresses.id
    (5, 7)

Above, the second SELECT refers to `addresses.user_id IN (5, 7)`, where the “5” and “7” are the primary key values for the previous two `User` objects loaded; after a batch of objects are completely loaded, their primary key values are injected into the `IN` clause for the second SELECT. Because the relationship between `User` and `Address` provides that the primary key values for `User` can be derived from `Address.user_id`, the statement has no joins or subqueries at all.

Changed in version 1.3: selectin loading can omit the JOIN for a simple one-to-many collection.

In the case where the primary key of the parent object isn’t present in the related row, “selectin” loading will also JOIN to the parent table so that the parent primary key values are present:

    >>> session.query(Address).\
    ... options(selectinload('user')).all()
    SELECT
        addresses.id AS addresses_id,
        addresses.email_address AS addresses_email_address,
        addresses.user_id AS addresses_user_id
        FROM addresses
    SELECT
        addresses_1.id AS addresses_1_id,
        users.id AS users_id,
        users.name AS users_name,
        users.fullname AS users_fullname,
        users.nickname AS users_nickname
    FROM addresses AS addresses_1
    JOIN users ON users.id = addresses_1.user_id
    WHERE addresses_1.id IN (?, ?)
    ORDER BY addresses_1.id
    (1, 2)

“Select IN” loading is the newest form of eager loading added to SQLAlchemy as of the 1.2 series. Things to know about this kind of loading include:

- The SELECT statement emitted by the “selectin” loader strategy, unlike that of “subquery”, does not require a subquery nor does it inherit any of the performance limitations of the original query; the lookup is a simple primary key lookup and should have high performance.

- The special ordering requirements of subqueryload described at The Importance of Ordering also don’t apply to selectin loading; selectin is always linking directly to a parent primary key and can’t really return the wrong result.

- “selectin” loading, unlike joined or subquery eager loading, always emits its SELECT in terms of the immediate parent objects just loaded, and not the original type of object at the top of the chain. So if eager loading many levels deep, “selectin” loading still uses no more than one JOIN, and usually no JOINs, in the statement. In comparison, joined and subquery eager loading always refer to multiple JOINs up to the original parent.

- “selectin” loading produces a SELECT statement of a predictable structure, independent of that of the original query. As such, taking advantage of a new feature with `ColumnOperators.in_()` that allows it to work with cached queries, the selectin loader makes full use of the `sqlalchemy.ext.baked` extension to cache generated SQL and greatly cut down on internal function call overhead.

- The strategy will only query for at most 500 parent primary key values at a time, as the primary keys are rendered into a large IN expression in the SQL statement. Some databases like Oracle have a hard limit on how large an IN expression can be, and overall the size of the SQL string shouldn’t be arbitrarily large. So for large result sets, “selectin” loading will emit a SELECT per 500 parent rows returned. These SELECT statements emit with minimal Python overhead due to the “baked” queries and also minimal SQL overhead as they query against primary key directly.

- “selectin” loading is the only eager loading that can work in conjunction with the “batching” feature provided by `Query.yield_per()`, provided the database driver supports simultaneous cursors. As it only queries for related items against specific result objects, “selectin” loading allows for eagerly loaded collections against arbitrarily large result sets with a top limit on memory use when used with `Query.yield_per()`.

  Current database drivers that support simultaneous cursors include SQLite, PostgreSQL. The MySQL drivers mysqlclient and pymysql currently do not support simultaneous cursors, nor do the ODBC drivers for SQL Server.

- As “selectin” loading relies upon IN, for a mapping with composite primary keys, it must use the “tuple” form of IN, which looks like `WHERE (table.column_a, table.column_b) IN ((?, ?), (?, ?), (?, ?))`. This syntax is not supported on every database; currently it is known to be only supported by modern PostgreSQL and MySQL versions. Therefore selectin loading is not platform-agnostic for composite primary keys. There is no special logic in SQLAlchemy to check ahead of time which platforms support this syntax or not; if run against a non-supporting platform (such as SQLite), the database will return an error immediately. An advantage to SQLAlchemy just running the SQL out for it to fail is that if a database like SQLite does start supporting this syntax, it will work without any changes to SQLAlchemy.

In general, “selectin” loading is probably superior to “subquery” eager loading in most ways, save for the syntax requirement with composite primary keys and possibly that it may emit many SELECT statements for larger result sets. As always, developers should spend time looking at the statements and results generated by their applications in development to check that things are working efficiently.

## What Kind of Loading to Use ?

Which type of loading to use typically comes down to optimizing the tradeoff between number of SQL executions, complexity of SQL emitted, and amount of data fetched. Lets take two examples, a `relationship()` which references a collection, and a `relationship()` that references a scalar many-to-one reference.

- One to Many Collection

> - When using the default lazy loading, if you load 100 objects, and then access a collection on each of them, a total of 101 SQL statements will be emitted, although each statement will typically be a simple SELECT without any joins.

> - When using joined loading, the load of 100 objects and their collections will emit only one SQL statement. However, the total number of rows fetched will be equal to the sum of the size of all the collections, plus one extra row for each parent object that has an empty collection. Each row will also contain the full set of columns represented by the parents, repeated for each collection item - SQLAlchemy does not re-fetch these columns other than those of the primary key, however most DBAPIs (with some exceptions) will transmit the full data of each parent over the wire to the client connection in any case. Therefore joined eager loading only makes sense when the size of the collections are relatively small. The LEFT OUTER JOIN can also be performance intensive compared to an INNER join.

> - When using subquery loading, the load of 100 objects will emit two SQL statements. The second statement will fetch a total number of rows equal to the sum of the size of all collections. An INNER JOIN is used, and a minimum of parent columns are requested, only the primary keys. So a subquery load makes sense when the collections are larger.

> - When multiple levels of depth are used with joined or subquery loading, loading collections-within- collections will multiply the total number of rows fetched in a cartesian fashion. Both joined and subquery eager loading always join from the original parent class; if loading a collection four levels deep, there will be four JOINs out to the parent. selectin loading on the other hand will always have exactly one JOIN to the immediate parent table.

> - Using selectin loading, the load of 100 objects will also emit two SQL statements, the second of which refers to the 100 primary keys of the objects loaded. selectin loading will however render at most 500 primary key values into a single SELECT statement; so for a lead collection larger than 500, there will be a SELECT statement emitted for each batch of 500 objects selected.

> - Using multiple levels of depth with selectin loading does not incur the “cartesian” issue that joined and subquery eager loading have; the queries for selectin loading have the best performance characteristics and the fewest number of rows. The only caveat is that there might be more than one SELECT emitted depending on the size of the lead result.

> - selectin loading, unlike joined (when using collections) and subquery eager loading (all kinds of relationships), is potentially compatible with result set batching provided by `Query.yield_per()` assuming an appropriate database driver, so may be able to allow batching for large result sets.

- Many to One Reference

> - When using the default lazy loading, a load of 100 objects will like in the case of the collection emit as many as 101 SQL statements. However - there is a significant exception to this, in that if the many-to-one reference is a simple foreign key reference to the target’s primary key, each reference will be checked first in the current identity map using `Query.get()`. So here, if the collection of objects references a relatively small set of target objects, or the full set of possible target objects have already been loaded into the session and are strongly referenced, using the default of lazy=’select’ is by far the most efficient way to go.

> - When using joined loading, the load of 100 objects will emit only one SQL statement. The join will be a LEFT OUTER JOIN, and the total number of rows will be equal to 100 in all cases. If you know that each parent definitely has a child (i.e. the foreign key reference is NOT NULL), the joined load can be configured with `innerjoin` set to `True`, which is usually specified within the `relationship()`. For a load of objects where there are many possible target references which may have not been loaded already, joined loading with an INNER JOIN is extremely efficient.

> - Subquery loading will issue a second load for all the child objects, so for a load of 100 objects there would be two SQL statements emitted. There’s probably not much advantage here over joined loading, however, except perhaps that subquery loading can use an INNER JOIN in all cases whereas joined loading requires that the foreign key is NOT NULL.

> - Selectin loading will also issue a second load for all the child objects (and as stated before, for larger results it will emit a SELECT per 500 rows), so for a load of 100 objects there would be two SQL statements emitted. The query itself still has to JOIN to the parent table, so again there’s not too much advantage to selectin loading for many-to-one vs. joined eager loading save for the use of INNER JOIN in all cases.

## Polymorphic Eager Loading

Specification of polymorphic options on a per-eager-load basis is supported. See the section Eager Loading of Specific or Polymorphic Subtypes for examples of the `PropComparator.of_type()` method in conjunction with the `orm.with_polymorphic()` function.

## Wildcard Loading Strategies

Each of `joinedload()`, `subqueryload()`, `lazyload()`, `selectinload()`, `noload()`, and `raiseload()` can be used to set the default style of `relationship()` loading for a particular query, affecting all `relationship()` -mapped attributes not otherwise specified in the `Query`. This feature is available by passing the string `'*'` as the argument to any of these options:

    session.query(MyClass).options(lazyload('*'))

Above, the `lazyload('*')` option will supersede the `lazy` setting of all `relationship()` constructs in use for that query, except for those which use the `'dynamic'` style of loading. If some relationships specify `lazy='joined'` or `lazy='subquery'`, for example, using `lazyload('*')` will unilaterally cause all those relationships to use `'select'` loading, e.g. emit a SELECT statement when each attribute is accessed.

The option does not supersede loader options stated in the query, such as `eagerload()`, `subqueryload()`, etc. The query below will still use joined loading for the `widget` relationship:

    session.query(MyClass).options(
        lazyload('*'),
        joinedload(MyClass.widget)
    )

If multiple `'*'` options are passed, the last one overrides those previously passed.

### Per-Entity Wildcard Loading Strategies

A variant of the wildcard loader strategy is the ability to set the strategy on a per-entity basis. For example, if querying for `User` and `Address`, we can instruct all relationships on `Address` only to use lazy loading by first applying the `Load` object, then specifying the `*` as a chained option:

    session.query(User, Address).options(
        Load(Address).lazyload('*'))

Above, all relationships on `Address` will be set to a lazy load.

## Routing Explicit Joins/Statements into Eagerly Loaded Collections

The behavior of `joinedload()` is such that joins are created automatically, using anonymous aliases as targets, the results of which are routed into collections and scalar references on loaded objects. It is often the case that a query already includes the necessary joins which represent a particular collection or scalar reference, and the joins added by the joinedload feature are redundant - yet you’d still like the collections/references to be populated.

For this SQLAlchemy supplies the `contains_eager()` option. This option is used in the same manner as the `joinedload()` option except it is assumed that the `Query` will specify the appropriate joins explicitly. Below, we specify a join between `User` and `Address` and additionally establish this as the basis for eager loading of `User.addresses`:

    class User(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'user'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        addresses = relationship("Address")

    class Address(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'address'

        # ...

    q = session.query(User).join(User.addresses).\
                options(contains_eager(User.addresses))

If the “eager” portion of the statement is “aliased”, the `alias` keyword argument to `contains_eager()` may be used to indicate it. This is sent as a reference to an `aliased()` or `Alias` construct:

    # use an alias of the Address entity
    adalias = aliased(Address)

    # construct a Query object which expects the "addresses" results
    query = session.query(User).\
        outerjoin(adalias, User.addresses).\
        options(contains_eager(User.addresses, alias=adalias))

    # get results normally
    r = query.all()
    SELECT
        users.user_id AS users_user_id,
        users.user_name AS users_user_name,
        adalias.address_id AS adalias_address_id,
        adalias.user_id AS adalias_user_id,
        adalias.email_address AS adalias_email_address,
        (...other columns...)
    FROM users
    LEFT OUTER JOIN email_addresses AS email_addresses_1
    ON users.user_id = email_addresses_1.user_id

The path given as the argument to `contains_eager()` needs to be a full path from the starting entity. For example if we were loading `Users->orders->Order->items->Item`, the string version would look like:

    query(User).options(
        contains_eager('orders').
        contains_eager('items'))

Or using the class-bound descriptor:

    query(User).options(
        contains_eager(User.orders).
        contains_eager(Order.items))

### Using contains_eager() to load a custom-filtered collection result

When we use `contains_eager()`, we are constructing ourselves the SQL that will be used to populate collections. From this, it naturally follows that we can opt to modify what values the collection is intended to store, by writing our SQL to load a subset of elements for collections or scalar attributes.

As an example, we can load a `User` object and eagerly load only particular addresses into its `.addresses` collection just by filtering:

    q = session.query(User).join(User.addresses).\
                filter(Address.email.like('%ed%')).\
                options(contains_eager(User.addresses))

The above query will load only `User` objects which contain at least `Address` object that contains the substring `'ed'` in its `email` field; the `User.addresses` collection will contain only these `Address` entries, and not any other `Address` entries that are in fact associated with the collection.

Warning

Keep in mind that when we load only a subset of objects into a collection, that collection no longer represents what’s actually in the database. If we attempted to add entries to this collection, we might find ourselves conflicting with entries that are already in the database but not locally loaded.

In addition, the collection will fully reload normally once the object or attribute is expired. This expiration occurs whenever the `Session.commit()`, `Session.rollback()` methods are used assuming default session settings, or the `Session.expire_all()` or `Session.expire()` methods are used.

For these reasons, prefer returning separate fields in a tuple rather than artificially altering a collection, when an object plus a custom set of related objects is desired:

    q = session.query(User, Address).join(User.addresses).\
                filter(Address.email.like('%ed%'))

### Advanced Usage with Arbitrary Statements

The `alias` argument can be more creatively used, in that it can be made to represent any set of arbitrary names to match up into a statement. Below it is linked to a `select()` which links a set of column objects to a string SQL statement:

    # label the columns of the addresses table
    eager_columns = select([
        addresses.c.address_id.label('a1'),
        addresses.c.email_address.label('a2'),
        addresses.c.user_id.label('a3')
    ])

    # select from a raw SQL statement which uses those label names for the
    # addresses table.  contains_eager() matches them up.
    query = session.query(User).\
        from_statement("select users.*, addresses.address_id as a1, "
                "addresses.email_address as a2, "
                "addresses.user_id as a3 "
                "from users left outer join "
                "addresses on users.user_id=addresses.user_id").\
        options(contains_eager(User.addresses, alias=eager_columns))

## Creating Custom Load Rules

Warning

This is an advanced technique! Great care and testing should be applied.

The ORM has various edge cases where the value of an attribute is locally available, however the ORM itself doesn’t have awareness of this. There are also cases when a user-defined system of loading attributes is desirable. To support the use case of user-defined loading systems, a key function `attributes.set_committed_value()` is provided. This function is basically equivalent to Python’s own `setattr()` function, except that when applied to a target object, SQLAlchemy’s “attribute history” system which is used to determine flush-time changes is bypassed; the attribute is assigned in the same way as if the ORM loaded it that way from the database.

The use of `attributes.set_committed_value()` can be combined with another key event known as `InstanceEvents.load()` to produce attribute-population behaviors when an object is loaded. One such example is the bi-directional “one-to-one” case, where loading the “many-to-one” side of a one-to-one should also imply the value of the “one-to-many” side. The SQLAlchemy ORM does not consider backrefs when loading related objects, and it views a “one-to-one” as just another “one-to-many”, that just happens to be one row.

Given the following mapping:

    from sqlalchemy import Integer, ForeignKey, Column
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, backref
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

    Base = declarative_base()

    class A(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'a'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        b_id = Column(ForeignKey('b.id'))
        b = relationship(
            "B",
            backref=backref("a", uselist=False),
            lazy='joined')

    class B(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'b'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

If we query for an `A` row, and then ask it for `a.b.a`, we will get an extra SELECT:

    >>> a1.b.a
    SELECT a.id AS a_id, a.b_id AS a_b_id
    FROM a
    WHERE ? = a.b_id

This SELECT is redundant because `b.a` is the same value as `a1`. We can create an on-load rule to populate this for us:

    from sqlalchemy import event
    from sqlalchemy.orm import attributes

    @event.listens_for(A, "load")
    def load_b(target, context):
        if 'b' in target.__dict__:
            attributes.set_committed_value(target.b, 'a', target)

Now when we query for `A`, we will get `A.b` from the joined eager load, and `A.b.a` from our event:

    a1 = s.query(A).first()
    SELECT
        a.id AS a_id,
        a.b_id AS a_b_id,
        b_1.id AS b_1_id
    FROM a
    LEFT OUTER JOIN b AS b_1 ON b_1.id = a.b_id
     LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
    (1, 0)
    assert a1.b.a is a1

## Relationship Loader API

`sqlalchemy.orm.``contains_alias`(alias)

  Return a `MapperOption` that will indicate to the `Query` that the main table has been aliased.

  This is a seldom-used option to suit the very rare case that `contains_eager()` is being used in conjunction with a user-defined SELECT statement that aliases the parent table. E.g.:

      # define an aliased UNION called 'ulist'
      ulist = users.select(users.c.user_id==7).\
                      union(users.select(users.c.user_id>7)).\
                      alias('ulist')

      # add on an eager load of "addresses"
      statement = ulist.outerjoin(addresses).\
                      select().apply_labels()

      # create query, indicating "ulist" will be an
      # alias for the main table, "addresses"
      # property should be eager loaded
      query = session.query(User).options(
                              contains_alias(ulist),
                              contains_eager(User.addresses))

      # then get results via the statement
      results = query.from_statement(statement).all()

  Parameters

    alias – is the string name of an alias, or a `Alias` object representing the alias.

`sqlalchemy.orm.``contains_eager`(*keys, **kw)

  Indicate that the given attribute should be eagerly loaded from columns stated manually in the query.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  The option is used in conjunction with an explicit join that loads the desired rows, i.e.:

      sess.query(Order).\
              join(Order.user).\
              options(contains_eager(Order.user))

  The above query would join from the `Order` entity to its related `User` entity, and the returned `Order` objects would have the `Order.user` attribute pre-populated.

  `contains_eager()` also accepts an alias argument, which is the string name of an alias, an `alias()` construct, or an `aliased()` construct. Use this when the eagerly-loaded rows are to come from an aliased table:

      user_alias = aliased(User)
      sess.query(Order).\
              join((user_alias, Order.user)).\
              options(contains_eager(Order.user, alias=user_alias))

  When using `contains_eager()` in conjunction with inherited subclasses, the `RelationshipProperty.of_type()` modifier should also be used in order to set up the pathing properly:

      sess.query(Company).\
          outerjoin(Company.employees.of_type(Manager)).\
          options(
              contains_eager(
                  Company.employees.of_type(Manager),
                  alias=Manager)
          )

  See also

  Relationship Loading Techniques

  Routing Explicit Joins/Statements into Eagerly Loaded Collections

`sqlalchemy.orm.``defaultload`(*keys)

  Indicate an attribute should load using its default loader style.

  This method is used to link to other loader options further into a chain of attributes without altering the loader style of the links along the chain. For example, to set joined eager loading for an element of an element:

      session.query(MyClass).options(
          defaultload(MyClass.someattribute).
          joinedload(MyOtherClass.someotherattribute)
      )

  `defaultload()` is also useful for setting column-level options on a related class, namely that of `defer()` and `undefer()`:

      session.query(MyClass).options(
          defaultload(MyClass.someattribute).
          defer("some_column").
          undefer("some_other_column")
      )

  See also

  Controlling Loading via Options

  Deferred Loading with Multiple Entities

`sqlalchemy.orm.``eagerload`(*args, **kwargs)

  A synonym for `joinedload()`.

`sqlalchemy.orm.``eagerload_all`(*args, **kwargs)

  A synonym for `joinedload_all()`

`sqlalchemy.orm.``immediateload`(*keys)

  Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using an immediate load with a per-attribute SELECT statement.

  The `immediateload()` option is superseded in general by the `selectinload()` option, which performs the same task more efficiently by emitting a SELECT for all loaded objects.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  See also

  Relationship Loading Techniques

  Select IN loading

`sqlalchemy.orm.``joinedload`(*keys, **kw)

  Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using joined eager loading.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  examples:

      # joined-load the "orders" collection on "User"
      query(User).options(joinedload(User.orders))

      # joined-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
      query(Order).options(
          joinedload(Order.items).joinedload(Item.keywords))

      # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
      # joined-load the keywords collection
      query(Order).options(
          lazyload(Order.items).joinedload(Item.keywords))

  Parameters

    innerjoin –

    if `True`, indicates that the joined eager load should use an inner join instead of the default of left outer join:

        query(Order).options(joinedload(Order.user, innerjoin=True))

    In order to chain multiple eager joins together where some may be OUTER and others INNER, right-nested joins are used to link them:

        query(A).options(
            joinedload(A.bs, innerjoin=False).
                joinedload(B.cs, innerjoin=True)
        )

    The above query, linking A.bs via “outer” join and B.cs via “inner” join would render the joins as “a LEFT OUTER JOIN (b JOIN c)”. When using older versions of SQLite (< 3.7.16), this form of JOIN is translated to use full subqueries as this syntax is otherwise not directly supported.

    The `innerjoin` flag can also be stated with the term `"unnested"`. This indicates that an INNER JOIN should be used, unless the join is linked to a LEFT OUTER JOIN to the left, in which case it will render as LEFT OUTER JOIN. For example, supposing `A.bs` is an outerjoin:

        query(A).options(
            joinedload(A.bs).
                joinedload(B.cs, innerjoin="unnested")
        )

    The above join will render as “a LEFT OUTER JOIN b LEFT OUTER JOIN c”, rather than as “a LEFT OUTER JOIN (b JOIN c)”.

    Note

    The “unnested” flag does not affect the JOIN rendered from a many-to-many association table, e.g. a table configured as `relationship.secondary`, to the target table; for correctness of results, these joins are always INNER and are therefore right-nested if linked to an OUTER join.

    Changed in version 1.0.0: `innerjoin=True` now implies `innerjoin="nested"`, whereas in 0.9 it implied `innerjoin="unnested"`. In order to achieve the pre-1.0 “unnested” inner join behavior, use the value `innerjoin="unnested"`. See Right inner join nesting now the default for joinedload with innerjoin=True.

  Note

  The joins produced by `orm.joinedload()` are anonymously aliased. The criteria by which the join proceeds cannot be modified, nor can the `Query` refer to these joins in any way, including ordering. See The Zen of Joined Eager Loading for further detail.

  To produce a specific SQL JOIN which is explicitly available, use `Query.join()`. To combine explicit JOINs with eager loading of collections, use `orm.contains_eager()`; see Routing Explicit Joins/Statements into Eagerly Loaded Collections.

  See also

  Relationship Loading Techniques

  Joined Eager Loading

`sqlalchemy.orm.``joinedload_all`(*keys, **kw)

  Produce a standalone “all” option for `orm.joinedload()`.

  Deprecated since version 0.9: The `joinedload_all()` function is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use method chaining with `joinedload()` instead, as in:

      session.query(MyClass).options(
          joinedload("someattribute").joinedload("anotherattribute")
      )

`sqlalchemy.orm.``lazyload`(*keys)

  Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using “lazy” loading.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  See also

  Relationship Loading Techniques

  Lazy Loading

class `sqlalchemy.orm.``Load`(entity)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Generative`, `sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.MapperOption`

  Represents loader options which modify the state of a `Query` in order to affect how various mapped attributes are loaded.

  The `Load` object is in most cases used implicitly behind the scenes when one makes use of a query option like `joinedload()`, `defer()`, or similar. However, the `Load` object can also be used directly, and in some cases can be useful.

  To use `Load` directly, instantiate it with the target mapped class as the argument. This style of usage is useful when dealing with a `Query` that has multiple entities:

      myopt = Load(MyClass).joinedload("widgets")

  The above `myopt` can now be used with `Query.options()`, where it will only take effect for the `MyClass` entity:

      session.query(MyClass, MyOtherClass).options(myopt)

  One case where `Load` is useful as public API is when specifying “wildcard” options that only take effect for a certain class:

      session.query(Order).options(Load(Order).lazyload('*'))

  Above, all relationships on `Order` will be lazy-loaded, but other attributes on those descendant objects will load using their normal loader strategy.

  See also

  Relationship Loading Techniques

`sqlalchemy.orm.``noload`(*keys)

  Indicate that the given relationship attribute should remain unloaded.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  `orm.noload()` applies to `relationship()` attributes; for column-based attributes, see `orm.defer()`.

  See also

  Relationship Loading Techniques

`sqlalchemy.orm.``raiseload`(*keys, **kw)

  Indicate that the given relationship attribute should disallow lazy loads.

  A relationship attribute configured with `orm.raiseload()` will raise an `InvalidRequestError` upon access. The typical way this is useful is when an application is attempting to ensure that all relationship attributes that are accessed in a particular context would have been already loaded via eager loading. Instead of having to read through SQL logs to ensure lazy loads aren’t occurring, this strategy will cause them to raise immediately.

  Parameters

    sql_only – if True, raise only if the lazy load would emit SQL, but not if it is only checking the identity map, or determining that the related value should just be None due to missing keys. When False, the strategy will raise for all varieties of lazyload.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  `orm.raiseload()` applies to `relationship()` attributes only.

  New in version 1.1.

  See also

  Relationship Loading Techniques

  Preventing unwanted lazy loads using raiseload

`sqlalchemy.orm.``selectinload`(*keys)

  Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using SELECT IN eager loading.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  examples:

      # selectin-load the "orders" collection on "User"
      query(User).options(selectinload(User.orders))

      # selectin-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
      query(Order).options(
          selectinload(Order.items).selectinload(Item.keywords))

      # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
      # selectin-load the keywords collection
      query(Order).options(
          lazyload(Order.items).selectinload(Item.keywords))

  New in version 1.2.

  See also

  Relationship Loading Techniques

  Select IN loading

`sqlalchemy.orm.``selectinload_all`(*keys)

  Produce a standalone “all” option for `orm.selectinload()`.

  Deprecated since version 0.9: The `selectinload_all()` function is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use method chaining with `selectinload()` instead, as in:

      session.query(MyClass).options(
          selectinload("someattribute").selectinload("anotherattribute")
      )

`sqlalchemy.orm.``subqueryload`(*keys)

  Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using subquery eager loading.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  examples:

      # subquery-load the "orders" collection on "User"
      query(User).options(subqueryload(User.orders))

      # subquery-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
      query(Order).options(
          subqueryload(Order.items).subqueryload(Item.keywords))

      # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
      # subquery-load the keywords collection
      query(Order).options(
          lazyload(Order.items).subqueryload(Item.keywords))

  See also

  Relationship Loading Techniques

  Subquery Eager Loading

`sqlalchemy.orm.``subqueryload_all`(*keys)

  Produce a standalone “all” option for `orm.subqueryload()`.

  Deprecated since version 0.9: The `subqueryload_all()` function is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use method chaining with `subqueryload()` instead, as in:

      session.query(MyClass).options(
          subqueryload("someattribute").subqueryload("anotherattribute")
      )