Release: 1.3.2 | Release Date: April 2, 2019

# SQLAlchemy 1.3 Documentation

# Inheritance Configuration

Declarative supports all three forms of inheritance as intuitively as possible. The `inherits` mapper keyword argument is not needed as declarative will determine this from the class itself. The various “polymorphic” keyword arguments are specified using `__mapper_args__`.

See also

This section describes some specific details on how the Declarative system interacts with SQLAlchemy ORM inheritance configuration. See Mapping Class Inheritance Hierarchies for a general introduction to inheritance mapping.

## Joined Table Inheritance

Joined table inheritance is defined as a subclass that defines its own table:

    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'people'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}

    class Engineer(Person):
        __tablename__ = 'engineers'
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('people.id'), primary_key=True)
        primary_language = Column(String(50))

Note that above, the `Engineer.id` attribute, since it shares the same attribute name as the `Person.id` attribute, will in fact represent the `people.id` and `engineers.id` columns together, with the “Engineer.id” column taking precedence if queried directly. To provide the `Engineer` class with an attribute that represents only the `engineers.id` column, give it a different attribute name:

    class Engineer(Person):
        __tablename__ = 'engineers'
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
        engineer_id = Column('id', Integer, ForeignKey('people.id'),
                                                    primary_key=True)
        primary_language = Column(String(50))

## Single Table Inheritance

Single table inheritance is defined as a subclass that does not have its own table; you just leave out the `__table__` and `__tablename__` attributes:

    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'people'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}

    class Engineer(Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
        primary_language = Column(String(50))

When the above mappers are configured, the `Person` class is mapped to the `people` table before the `primary_language` column is defined, and this column will not be included in its own mapping. When `Engineer` then defines the `primary_language` column, the column is added to the `people` table so that it is included in the mapping for `Engineer` and is also part of the table’s full set of columns. Columns which are not mapped to `Person` are also excluded from any other single or joined inheriting classes using the `exclude_properties` mapper argument. Below, `Manager` will have all the attributes of `Person` and `Manager` but not the `primary_language` attribute of `Engineer`:

    class Manager(Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'manager'}
        golf_swing = Column(String(50))

The attribute exclusion logic is provided by the `exclude_properties` mapper argument, and declarative’s default behavior can be disabled by passing an explicit `exclude_properties` collection (empty or otherwise) to the `__mapper_args__`.

### Resolving Column Conflicts

Note above that the `primary_language` and `golf_swing` columns are “moved up” to be applied to `Person.__table__`, as a result of their declaration on a subclass that has no table of its own. A tricky case comes up when two subclasses want to specify the same column, as below:

    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'people'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}

    class Engineer(Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
        start_date = Column(DateTime)

    class Manager(Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'manager'}
        start_date = Column(DateTime)

Above, the `start_date` column declared on both `Engineer` and `Manager` will result in an error:

    sqlalchemy.exc.ArgumentError: Column 'start_date' on class
    <class '__main__.Manager'> conflicts with existing
    column 'people.start_date'

In a situation like this, Declarative can’t be sure of the intent, especially if the `start_date` columns had, for example, different types. A situation like this can be resolved by using `declared_attr` to define the `Column` conditionally, taking care to return the existing column via the parent `__table__` if it already exists:

    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declared_attr

    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'people'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}

    class Engineer(Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}

        @declared_attr
        def start_date(cls):
            "Start date column, if not present already."
            return Person.__table__.c.get('start_date', Column(DateTime))

    class Manager(Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'manager'}

        @declared_attr
        def start_date(cls):
            "Start date column, if not present already."
            return Person.__table__.c.get('start_date', Column(DateTime))

Above, when `Manager` is mapped, the `start_date` column is already present on the `Person` class. Declarative lets us return that `Column` as a result in this case, where it knows to skip re-assigning the same column. If the mapping is mis-configured such that the `start_date` column is accidentally re-assigned to a different table (such as, if we changed `Manager` to be joined inheritance without fixing `start_date`), an error is raised which indicates an existing `Column` is trying to be re-assigned to a different owning `Table`.

The same concept can be used with mixin classes (see Mixin and Custom Base Classes):

    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'people'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}

    class HasStartDate(object):
        @declared_attr
        def start_date(cls):
            return cls.__table__.c.get('start_date', Column(DateTime))

    class Engineer(HasStartDate, Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}

    class Manager(HasStartDate, Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'manager'}

The above mixin checks the local `__table__` attribute for the column. Because we’re using single table inheritance, we’re sure that in this case, `cls.__table__` refers to `Person.__table__`. If we were mixing joined- and single-table inheritance, we might want our mixin to check more carefully if `cls.__table__` is really the `Table` we’re looking for.

## Concrete Table Inheritance

Concrete is defined as a subclass which has its own table and sets the `concrete` keyword argument to `True`:

    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'people'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(50))

    class Engineer(Person):
        __tablename__ = 'engineers'
        __mapper_args__ = {'concrete':True}
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        primary_language = Column(String(50))
        name = Column(String(50))

Usage of an abstract base class is a little less straightforward as it requires usage of `polymorphic_union()`, which needs to be created with the `Table` objects before the class is built:

    engineers = Table('engineers', Base.metadata,
                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
                    Column('name', String(50)),
                    Column('primary_language', String(50))
                )
    managers = Table('managers', Base.metadata,
                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
                    Column('name', String(50)),
                    Column('golf_swing', String(50))
                )

    punion = polymorphic_union({
        'engineer':engineers,
        'manager':managers
    }, 'type', 'punion')

    class Person(Base):
        __table__ = punion
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on':punion.c.type}

    class Engineer(Person):
        __table__ = engineers
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity':'engineer', 'concrete':True}

    class Manager(Person):
        __table__ = managers
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity':'manager', 'concrete':True}

The helper classes `AbstractConcreteBase` and `ConcreteBase` provide automation for the above system of creating a polymorphic union. See the documentation for these helpers as well as the main ORM documentation on concrete inheritance for details.

See also

Concrete Table Inheritance

inheritance_concrete_helpers