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# Analysis of Linux Containers

    Tools
    podman
    docker
    lxc-info
    lxc-ls
    pmcd
    pmdalinux
    pmdaproc
    pmdaroot
    pminfo
    pmprobe

Container engines like Docker, LXC, Rocket and others build on two Linux kernel facilities - cgroups and namespaces. In order to understand the performance characteristics of containerized environments, we need some background kernel knowledge to see how these concepts affect both the system itself, and system-level analysis tools like PCP.

This tutorial aims to build or refresh your knowledge in these areas, while at the same time showing you how to extract performance data from individual containers using the PCP tools.

For an explanation of Performance Co-Pilot terms and acronyms, consult the PCP glossary.

- Getting Started
- Control Groups
- Namespaces
- Containers and PCP
  - Core Extensions
  - Elevated Privileges
  - Container-specific Metric Values
  - Performance Metric Domain Agents
  - Web and Graphical Tools

Getting Started

Creating and administering containers is the job of a container runtime engine, and each operates differently. If you don't have some handy already, create and start one or two containers for experimentation - the steps involved are widely documented, and differ differ between engines, so we will skip over them here.

- Using Docker, the docker ps -a command can then be used to observe running containers.
- Under libpod, podman ps -a is the equivalent command.
- With LXC, the lxc-ls and lxc-info commands are used for this purpose.

Once these commands are correctly reporting running containers, we are in a position to begin analysing those containers with PCP tools.

Check local PCP collector installation (requires the pcp-verify utility):
    $ pcp verify --containers

Request networking metrics for a host and then a container running on the host:
    $ pminfo --fetch containers.name containers.state.running

    containers.name
        inst [0 or "f4d3b90bea15..."] value "sharp_feynman"
        inst [1 or "d43eda0a7e7d..."] value "cranky_colden"
        inst [2 or "252b56e79da5..."] value "desperate_turing"

    containers.state.running
        inst [0 or "f4d3b90bea15..."] value 1
        inst [1 or "d43eda0a7e7d..."] value 0
        inst [2 or "252b56e79da5..."] value 1

    $ pmprobe -I network.interface.up
    network.interface.up 5 "p2p1" "wlp2s0" "lo" "docker0" "veth2234780"

    $ pmprobe -I --container sharp_feynman network.interface.up
    network.interface.up 2 "lo" "eth0"

    $ pmprobe -I --container f4d3b90bea15 network.interface.up
    network.interface.up 2 "lo" "eth0"

Note: these commands all query the same pmcd process - from the host running the container engine. In other words, there is no need to install any PCP software inside the monitored containers.

Control Groups

Control Groups are a Linux kernel mechanism for aggregating or partitioning sets of tasks, and their children, into hierarchical groups with specialized behaviour. This is the underlying technology used for controlling the set of processes within each container.

Recall that the concept of a "container" is a user-space construct only, and it is the role of the container engine to ensure the kernel cgroup hierarchies are constructed and managed appropriately for the containers it provides.

A cgroup subsystem is kernel code that makes use of the task grouping facilities provided by cgroups to treat groups of tasks in particular ways. A subsystem is typically a "resource controller" that schedules a resource or applies per-cgroup limits. Examples of cgroup subsystems used by container engines include the virtual memory subsystem (memory), the processor accounting subsystem (cpuacct), the block accounting cgroup (blkio), and several others.

Within the scope of individual cgroup subsystems, hierarchies can be created, managed and shaped in terms of the tasks within them. A hierarchy is a set of cgroups arranged in a tree, such that every task in the system is in exactly one of the cgroups in the hierarchy, and a set of subsystems; each subsystem has system-specific state attached to each cgroup in the hierarchy.

Each hierarchy has an instance of the cgroup virtual filesystem associated with it.

These can be interrogated by querying the PCP cgroup.subsys and cgroup.mounts metrics.
    $ pminfo --fetch cgroup.subsys.num_cgroups

    cgroup.mounts.subsys
        inst [0 or "/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd"] value "?"
        inst [1 or "/sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset"] value "cpuset"
        inst [2 or "/sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct"] value "cpu,cpuacct"
        inst [3 or "/sys/fs/cgroup/memory"] value "memory"
        inst [4 or "/sys/fs/cgroup/devices"] value "devices"
        inst [5 or "/sys/fs/cgroup/freezer"] value "freezer"
        inst [6 or "/sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio"] value "net_cls,net_prio"
        inst [7 or "/sys/fs/cgroup/blkio"] value "blkio"
        inst [8 or "/sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event"] value "perf_event"
        inst [9 or "/sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb"] value "hugetlb"

    cgroup.subsys.num_cgroups
        inst [0 or "cpuset"] value 1
        inst [1 or "cpu"] value 77
        inst [2 or "cpuacct"] value 77
        inst [3 or "memory"] value 3
        inst [4 or "devices"] value 3
        inst [5 or "freezer"] value 3
        inst [6 or "net_cls"] value 1
        inst [7 or "blkio"] value 77
        inst [8 or "perf_event"] value 1
        inst [9 or "net_prio"] value 1
        inst [10 or "hugetlb"] value 1

Userspace code (i.e. container engines like Docker and LXC) can create and destroy cgroups by name in an instance of the cgroup virtual file system, specify and query to which cgroup a task is assigned, and list the task PIDs assigned to a cgroup. Those creations and assignments only affect the hierarchy associated with that instance of the cgroup file system.

Namespaces

Completely distinct to cgroups, at least within the kernel, is the concept of namespaces. Namespaces allow different processes to have differing views of several aspects of the kernel, such as the hostname (UTS namespace), network interfaces (NET namespace), process identifiers (PID namespace), mounted filesystems (MNT namespace) and so on.

When processes share a namespace, they share the same view of a resource. For example, objects created in one IPC namespace are visible to all other processes that are members of that namespace, but are not visible to processes having another IPC namespace. So for our purposes, all processes running in one container can thus have a different view to the IPC resources visible to a process running on the host or a different container.

Returning to the first networking example in this tutorial, we can see how namespaces become important from a performance tooling point of view. For network metrics within a container, we want to be able to report values for the set of network interfaces visible within that container, instead of the set from the host itself.

Finally, it is important to note that namespaces are not a complete abstraction, in that many aspects of the underlying host remain visible from within the container. This affects performance tools in that the values exported for some metrics can be adjusted and fine-tuned relative to the container, while others cannot.

Containers and PCP

Core Extensions

All connections made to the PCP metrics collector daemon (pmcd) are made using the PCP protocol, which is TCP/IP based and thus (importantly for containers) connection-oriented. Each individual monitoring tool has a unique connection to pmcd and can request values for a specific, custom set of metrics. This includes being able to request metric values related to a specific, named container. Note that PCP differs to the design of several other monitoring systems in this regard, which write or send out a specified set of system-wide values, on a set interval.

From a user point of view, this boils down to being able to specify a container via the interface (whether command line or graphical) of the PCP monitoring tools and to have that container name transfered to the PCP collector system. This allows for filtering and fine-tuning of the metric values it returns, such that the values are specific to the named container.

Elevated Privileges

Support for containers was first added in the 3.10.2 version of PCP (released in January 2015). This version includes the pmdaroot daemon - a critical component of the container support, it must be enabled in order to monitor containers.

It performs privileged operations on behalf of other PCP agents and plays a pivotal role in informing the other agents about various attributes of the active containers that it discovers on the PCP collector system.

Verify that there is a pmdaroot line in /etc/pcp/pmcd/pmcd.conf and that the pcp command reports that it is running.

Container-specific Metric Values

With that core functionality in place, several kernel agents have been taught to customize the metric values they report when the monitoring of a named container has been requested. These include the network, filesys, ipc, and other metrics in pmdalinux, as well as the per-process and cgroup metrics in pmdaproc.

Requesting container-specific process and control group metrics:
    $ pminfo -t --fetch --container sharp_feynman cgroup.memory.stat.cache proc.psinfo.rss pmcd.hostname

    cgroup.memory.stat.cache [Number of bytes of page cache memory]
        inst [2 or "/system.slice/docker-f4d3b90bea15..."] value 9695232

    proc.psinfo.rss [resident set size (i.e. physical memory) of the process]
        inst [21967 or "021967 dd if=/dev/random of=/tmp/bits count=200k"] value 676
        inst [27996 or "027996 /bin/bash"] value 2964

    pmcd.hostname [local hostname]
        value "f4d3b90bea15"

Performance Metric Domain Agents

As the underlying container technologies have matured, instrumentation has been added for analysis. For example, podman and docker have APIs to extract operational metrics, and these are available from pmdapodman and pmdadocker.

Additionally, components of container infrastructure usually expose metrics via a /metrics HTTP endpoint in the OpenMetrics (Prometheus) format. These metrics can be observed using PCP tools via pmdaopenmetrics.

Next Steps

Modern versions of PCP have extended the initial work done for container analysis in several directions, particularly on the monitoring tool side.

Web and Graphical Tools

| In the PCP strip chart utility pmchart, connections to containers can be established using the "Add Host" dialog, as shown to the left. This can be accessed via the "New Chart" or "Open View" menu entries. Specify the name of the PCP Collector system where pmcd is running. Press the "Advanced" push button to enable additional connection attributes to be specified. Select the "Container" check box, and enter a container name. Press "OK" to establish a connection to the container on host - this functions in much the same was as the pminfo examples from earlier in this tutorial.

PCP container metric charts using Vector

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